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Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, by Benedict R. O'g Anderson
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In this lively book, Benedict R. O'G. Anderson explores the cultural and political contradictions that have arisen from two critical facts in Indonesian history: that while the Indonesian nation is young, the Indonesian nation is ancient originating in the early seventeenth-century Dutch conquests; and that contemporary politics are conducted in a new language. Bahasa Indonesia, by peoples (especially the Javanese) whose cultures are rooted in medieval times. Analyzing a spectrum of examples from classical poetry to public monuments and cartoons, Anderson deepens our understanding of the interaction between modern and traditional notions of power, the mediation of power by language, and the development of national consciousness. Language and Power, now republished as part of Equinox Publishing's Classic Indonesia series, brings together eight of Anderson's most influential essays over the past two decades and is essential reading for anyone studying the Indonesian country, people or language. Benedict Anderson is one of the world's leading authorities on Southeast Asian nationalism and particularly on Indonesia. He is Professor of International Studies and Director of the Modern Indonesia Project at Cornell University, New York. His other works include Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism and The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World.
- Sales Rank: #3065783 in Books
- Published on: 2006-01-10
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .71" w x 5.98" l, 1.02 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 316 pages
Review
"These writings, largely unknown the wide audience Anderson now commands, offer specialists and nonspecialists alike a fascinating perspective on Indonesian culture, as well as an intellectual chronology of a major Southeast Asianist and social theorist."―J. Joseph Errington
"A wonderful collection, rich in ideas and interpretations. In my reading, the central theme of this book is the crisis in Javanese culture which began in the seventeenth century and the attempts of successive generations of Javanese-Indonesians to deal with the crisis."―R. William Liddle
About the Author
Benedict R. O'G. Anderson is the Aaron L. Binenkorb Professor Emeritus of International Studies, Government, and Asian Studies at Cornell University. His works include Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia, and The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia, and the World.
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five stars！A very good book.
By ancientaliens
Five stars！A very good book.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A man who understood how culture shifts; interesting selection of essays
By C P Slayton
I read "Language and Power" after digesting a number of social and military culture studies on Indonesia's fascinating history. An interesting comparison to the era of Anderson's Sukarno focus is Elizabeth Pisani's "Indonesia, etc." which in many ways is a reflection on the power culture of the Suharto era. Two very different writing approaches and purposes but the divergence helps hold the reader's attention to both.
It's always informative, and a source of reader motivation, to read how an author's book content was received by the government and power it critiques. The hair-raising national response is not always as exciting as the mundane words on paper. Some chapters, as Anderson explained, resulted in his PNG (persona non-grata status) in Indonesia and other chapter contents were born of people watching; constructive use of "leisure time" waiting on Indonesia's careful bureaucracy to return his travel papers.
As academics usually do, and should, Benedict Anderson singles out a few thinkers on power and language to argue his thesis; namely Max Weber. Anderson takes aim specifically at Weber's description of charisma as a universal power trait. As Anderson noted of Indonesian, namely Javanese charisma, it did not necessarily embody the same outward traits demanded by Weber but were no less influential in their Indonesian cultural context.
Max Weber also suggested the "Protestant Work Ethic" which meant that protestants work towards success in order to "prove" the blessing that God has already laid on their life. Christian theology actually teaches the reverse. God gives freely of his grace and mercy which cannot be "earned". More so than Anderson's discussion of charisma, I thought he described a type of Java "power ethic". Where traditionally, Javanese power is evidenced by the mystical aura and symbols of power that surround the leader, many leaders were tempted by selfish ambition (pamrih) which sought the symbols of power first in order to influence witnesses that they actually possessed power.
Perhaps the selfish ambition to power has nothing to do with one specific culture but can be found in any location, corrupting unique cultural norms and violating religious humility. In Indonesia, as Anderson explains, placing pamrih before power was corruption. If power was properly bestowed, however it was used was then less a scandal, as noted in the life of Indonesia's first president Soekarno. As Anderson stated, "In summary, then, the Javanese see power as something concrete, homogeneous, constant in total quantity, and without inherent moral implications as such (pg. 23)".
A few of the book's comments give a cultural determinist impression. But this initial feeling is balanced by Anderson's description of urban language integration. The "political culture" suggested by Anderson is overwhelmingly concerned with the transition through independence and the national consolidation in the 1950s and 1960s. Anderson's other well known works focus solely on state formation and nationalism. It terms of language, it was Bahasa Indonesia that enabled nationalism and not nationalism that created the unifying language.
The determinist trap is further avoided as Anderson takes the many unique linguistic and cultural power symbols and witnesses their interaction towards transformation into a still unique by hybrid interpretation of Indonesian power. The many "uniques" become a still fluid, still Java dominant, yet increasingly "Indonesian" concept of power.
"Indonesia" as a country is as challenging as the idea of a single "Indonesian" power culture. Anderson is one of many that questions the narrative of "350 years of colonization". The Dutch were no more comprehensive in their colonization than Javanese power is in explaining Indonesian political culture. Many solidarity movements did come out of colonial influence to include the Islamic reform movements, as Anderson claims, that were mostly in response to Dutch limits of development. However, it was the symbol of colonialism, not necessarily the facts of its extent that served to not only unite the fledging nation of nations but also guide its initial military policies and regional partnerships.
These regional relationships are what insulate Indonesia from external threat, including the need to develop a military that could address an invading force. Where Indonesia needed work was its bureaucracy, built by the Dutch but destroyed by the Japanese and substituted in the first decades of independence by Sukarno's "Charisma". It wasn't until Suharto that institutional bureaucracy was again installed, if also stalled out by kronyism in the last decade of Suharto's rule. Anderson also gives credit to the United States not only for professionalizing the young army but by strong partnership, ensuring Indonesia needed no sophistaced, expensive national defense.
The book's downsides. One of Anderson's favorite tools of political interpretation is the wayang script and characters. The wayang symbolism in 2017 is a tired analogy that may have worked in 1960 but is losing its social power. Additionally, Javanese writing and its influence on power is "a black hole - something one knows is there even if one cannot see it (pg. 235)." Which begs the question: how influential is a culture of language that neither the speaker or the receiver knows to be used as a tool of power?
As the book progresses, the chapter contents become more specialist; exclusively academic if still poetic. The examples of "power" and "language" become less representative, seemingly selected for their exotic impact and less their broader importance and practicality.
It is hard to argue with a master of Indonesian scholarship but with a number of developments since this book's publication, it's a good place to begin research but as Anderson himself knows, culture shifts too quickly to give "language and power" too strong a contemporary explanatory power.
15 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
A Must Read Book To Begin Understanding Indonesian Politics
By rinabambina
Within his collection of essays in this book, Anderson explores the underlying cultures of Indonesian politics. He ties back the political atmosphere of Indonesia to the social values of the most dominant culture in Indonesia, the Javanese culture. These essays were written prior to 1984 (mostly in the late 60's), but their contents relate well even to the present political scenes of Indonesia.
As an American citizen with Indonesian ancestry, I find that this book would help anyone who is interested in learning the complexity of Indonesia's sociopolitical arena. A lot of misunderstandings about Indonesia's politics can be cleared by reading this book. This book does not talk about the current political scenes, rather it explains the origins of political values that are dominant in Indonesia even today.
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